Like any syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of signs andsymptoms that appear together and indicate a certain condition. In the case ofFAS, the signs and symptoms are birth defects that result from a woman's use ofalcohol during her pregnancy. Among their symptoms, children with FAS may growless quickly than other children, have facial abnormalities and have problemswith their central nervous systems, including mental retardation.

In the United States, FAS is one of the leading causes of birth defects andis thought to be the most common cause of preventable mental retardation. Eachyear between 5,000 and 12,000 American babies are born with the condition. FASis sometimes called fetal alcohol abuse syndrome.

Symptoms

Usually, FAS is diagnosed only when a child has the following major clinicalmanifestations, or signs:

• Growth retardation
• Characteristic facial features, such as:
  • Small eyes with drooping upper lids
  • Short, upturned nose
  • Flattened cheeks
  • Small jaw
  • Thin upper lip
  • Flattened philtrum (the groove in the middle of the upper lip)
• Central nervous system problems, including:
  • Mental retardation
  • Hyperactivity
  • Delayed development of gross motor skills such as rolling over, sitting up,crawling and walking
  • Delayed development of fine motor skills such as grasping objects with thethumb and index finger, and transferring objects from one hand to theother
  • Impaired language development
  • Memory problems, poor judgement, distractibility, impulsiveness
  • Problems with learning
  • Seizures

However, children affected by FAS may have any or all of the signs andsymptoms listed above, along with the following:

• Decreased birth weight
• Small skull
• Hearing disorders

Studies have shown that the more severe the physical characteristics of FASare in a child, the more severe his or her mental impairment tends to be.

Secondary Conditions

Children born with FAS may develop secondary conditions as a result of theirsyndrome. These secondary conditions can include the following:

• Mental health problems such as attention deficit disorder, conductdisorder, depression and psychotic episodes.
• Problems in school, including higher rates of suspension and expulsion dueto difficulty getting along with others, disobedience and truancy.
• Trouble with the law. Those born with FAS may have problems controllinganger and frustration, and problems understanding the motives of others. Thismay lead to violent behavior. As a result, teenagers and adults with FAS aremore likely to be involved with the criminal justice system than their peersare. Also, those with FAS can be especially susceptible to persuasion andmanipulation, which may lead to unwitting involvement in illegalactivities.
• Drug and alcohol abuse. More than one-third of those with FAS have problemswhich require inpatient treatment for drugs and/or alcohol abuse at some timein their lives.
• Difficulty holding a job and living independently.